Method and system for accelerated stream processing

ABSTRACT

Disclosed herein are methods and systems for hardware-accelerating various data processing operations in a rule-based decision-making system such as a business rules engine, an event stream processor, and a complex event stream processor. Preferably, incoming data streams are checked against a plurality of rule conditions. Among the data processing operations that are hardware-accelerated include rule condition check operations, filtering operations, and path merging operations. The rule condition check operations generate rule condition check results for the processed data streams, wherein the rule condition check results are indicative of any rule conditions which have been satisfied by the data streams. The generation of such results with a low degree of latency provides enterprises with the ability to perform timely decision-making based on the data present in received data streams.

CROSS-REFERENCE AND PRIORITY CLAIM TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This patent application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/222,054, filed Dec. 17, 2018, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,411,734, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/404,794, filed Jan. 12, 2017, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,158,377, which is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/759,430, filed Feb. 5, 2013, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,547,824, which is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/121,473, filed May 15, 2008, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,374,986, the entire disclosures of each of which are incorporated by reference herein.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is generally directed toward the field of stream processing, particularly the use of stream processing in a system such as a business rules engine, an event stream processor, and a complex event stream processor.

Terminology:

The following paragraphs provide several definitions for various terms used herein. These paragraphs also provide background information relating to these terms.

GPP: As used herein, the term “general-purpose processor” (or GPP) refers to a hardware device having a fixed form and whose functionality is variable, wherein this variable functionality is defined by fetching instructions and executing those instructions (for example, an Intel Xeon processor or an AMD Opteron processor), of which a conventional central processing unit (CPU) is a common example. Reconfigurable Logic: As used herein, the term “reconfigurable logic” refers to any logic technology whose form and function can be significantly altered (i.e., reconfigured) in the field post-manufacture. This is to be contrasted with a GPP, whose function can change post-manufacture, but whose form is fixed at manufacture. Software: As used herein, the term “software” refers to data processing functionality that is deployed on a GPP or other processing devices, wherein software cannot be used to change or define the form of the device on which it is loaded. Firmware: As used herein, the term “firmware” refers to data processing functionality that is deployed on reconfigurable logic or other processing devices, wherein firmware may be used to change or define the form of the device on which it is loaded. Coprocessor: As used herein, the term “coprocessor” refers to a computational engine designed to operate in conjunction with other components in a computational system having a main processor (wherein the main processor itself may comprise multiple processors such as in a multi-core processor architecture). Typically, a coprocessor is optimized to perform a specific set of tasks and is used to offload tasks from a main processor (which is typically a GPP) in order to optimize system performance. The scope of tasks performed by a coprocessor may be fixed or variable, depending on the architecture of the coprocessor. Examples of fixed coprocessor architectures include Graphics Processor Units which perform a broad spectrum of tasks and floating point numeric coprocessors which perform a relatively narrow set of tasks. Examples of reconfigurable coprocessor architectures include reconfigurable logic devices such as Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) which may be reconfigured to implement a wide variety of fixed or programmable computational engines. The functionality of a coprocessor may be defined via software and/or firmware. Hardware Acceleration: As used herein, the term “hardware acceleration” refers to the use of software and/or firmware implemented on a coprocessor for offloading one or more processing tasks from a main processor to decrease processing latency for those tasks relative to the main processor. Enterprise: As used herein, the term “enterprise” refers to any business organization or governmental entity that stores and/or processes data (referred to as “enterprise data”) as part of its ongoing operations. Database: As used herein, the term “database” refers to a persistent data store with indexing capabilities to expedite query processing. Various database management system (DBMS) implementations might be categorized as relational (RDBMS), object-oriented (OODBMS), hierarchical, etc.; however, the dominant architecture in today's industry is a relational, row-column, structured query language (SQL)-capable database. An ANSI-standard SQL database engine is a mature software architecture that can retrieve structured data in response to a query, usually in an efficient manner. Structured Data: As used herein, the term “structured data” refers to data that has been normalized and persisted to a relational database. Normalization is the data design process of putting data into a tabular, row-column format and abstracting duplicate data into separate tables. Structured data in relational columns is capable of being indexed with B-tree indexes, significantly speeding access to the data in these columns. In SQL terms, structured columns have size limits. These columns may have constraints and referential integrity applied to them in order to ensure consistent data quality. Examples of common structured SQL datatypes are: INT(eger), NUMBER, CHAR(acter), VARCHAR, DATE, TIMESTAMP. Unstructured Data: As used herein, the term “unstructured data” refers to data that falls outside the scope of the definition above for structured data. Thus, the term unstructured data encompasses files, documents or objects with free form text or embedded values included therein. This data includes the complete set of bytes, often including binary-format data, that was used by the application that generated it. Examples of unstructured data include word processing documents (e.g., Microsoft Word documents in their native format), Adobe Acrobat documents, emails, image files, video files, audio files, and other files in their native formats relative to the software application that created them. In SQL terms, unstructured columns have very large, if not unlimited size. Common examples of unstructured SQL datatypes are: BLOB, TEXT, XML, RAW, and IMAGE. Unstructured objects may also be stored outside the database, for example in operating system files. Access to these external objects from within the database engine uses links in the metadata in the database table to the storage location.

There are a number of reasons why XML will not normally be categorized as “structured” as that term is used herein:

-   -   XML may have large or unlimited sized values     -   XML often does not have strongly enforced datatyping     -   XML has a flexible schema     -   XML values in elements and attributes is often not as rigidly         conformed and carefully cleansed as traditional “structured”         database columns         Although the concept of “semi-structured” data with flexible         schemas is emerging, particularly for XML, for present purposes         everything that has not been normalized and persisted to a         relational database will be considered unstructured data. As         such, a column that is of the XML datatype would thus fall under         this present definition of “unstructured data”.         Bus: As used herein, the term “bus” refers to a logical bus         which encompasses any physical interconnect for which devices         and locations are accessed by an address. Examples of buses that         could be used in the practice of the present invention include,         but are not limited to the PCI family of buses (e.g., PCI-X and         PCI-Express) and HyperTransport buses.         Pipelining: As used herein, the terms “pipeline”, “pipelined         sequence”, or “chain” refer to an arrangement of application         modules wherein the output of one application module is         connected to the input of the next application module in the         sequence. This pipelining arrangement allows each application         module to independently operate on any data it receives during a         given clock cycle and then pass its output to the next         downstream application module in the sequence during another         clock cycle.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Enterprises such as corporations, institutions, agencies, and other entities have massive amounts of data for which analysis is needed to enable decision making processes, and computerized systems based on business rules have arisen to aid enterprises' decision-making capabilities in this regard. FIG. 1 illustrates a basic exemplary process flow for such a rule-based system. The flow of FIG. 1 relies on two elements—a fact 100 and a rule 112. Facts 100 are typically characterized as tuples, with each tuple comprising an identifier 106, at least one attribute 108 and at least one value 110 corresponding to the attribute. The identifier 106 is a unique string that identifies the fact 100. An attribute 108 is a string that identifies a particular feature of the fact 100, and the value 108 is a value for that particular feature. It should be understood that a fact 100 can have multiple attributes 108 and corresponding values 110. A rule 112 generally comprises one or more conditions 114 and one or more actions 116 to be taken if the conditions are satisfied. As such, rules 112 can be characterized with the form: if CONDITION(s) then ACTION(s). It should be understood that rules 112 may include multiple conditions 114 with potentially complicated inter-relationships among the conditions. At step 102, a check is performed to see if fact 100 satisfies a rule 112. In the event the fact satisfies the rule, one or more action(s) 116 are triggered. To perform such a check, step 102 tests for valid (identifier, attribute, value) tuples that satisfy a condition 114. It should be noted that for facts the three fields can only take on specific values (based on the values of the bit string which represents the fact), whereas for rules, the constituent fields can be represented by a variable.

A variety of systems have been developed to provide rule-based decision-making capabilities to enterprises. Examples of these systems include event processors, complex event processors (CEPs), and business rules engines. An event processor and a complex event processor can be distinguished from a business rules engine in that an event processor and a complex event processor are “feed forward” systems in that they do not feed result information from the business rule condition checking process back into the event processor or complex event processor to determine further actions that need to be taken. In contrast, a business rules engine employs some form of inferencing intelligence at the output of the business rule condition checking process to feed all or a select subset of the results back into the business rules engine to determine further actions that need to be taken. A complex event processor can be distinguished from an event processor in that a complex event processor can take into consideration multiple events when deciding whether a particular business rule condition has been satisfied.

An algorithm that has arisen to implement a rule-based system exemplified by FIG. 1 (typically for business rules engines) is known as the Rete algorithm. See Forgy, Charles, “RETE: A fast algorithm for the many pattern/many object pattern matching problem”, Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 19, p. 17-37, 1982, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. The Rete algorithm derives its efficiency by exploiting the modular nature of rules; rule-checking is performed as a series of steps which represent the rules to determine if one or more corresponding actions are to be initiated.

The inventors believe that conventional implementations of computerized rule-based systems do not perform exceptionally well, particularly in instances where the size of the rule set is large and growing, where the size of the data volume is large and growing, and/or where there is a need for low latency with respect to making a business rule-based decision after first receiving the pertinent data. For example, the inventors believe that conventional business rule processing systems which rely on analyzing data stored using database technology such as a conventional RDBMS (which are optimized for large-scale permanent storage and carefully-tuned query performance) have difficulty keeping up with the demands of very high speed data streams and thus serve as a potential bottleneck in a rule-based decision-making system. Thus, as enterprises' rule sets and data volumes continue to grow in size and complexity and as data transfer speeds continue to increase, the inventors further believe that time will exacerbate this problem unless a better solution for business rule processing is devised.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In an effort to address this need in the art, the inventors herein disclose a technique for hardware-accelerating the process of determining whether data within a data stream satisfies at least one rule condition of a rule. The data streams, as represented by a stream of bits, may include structured and/or unstructured data. Based on such a hardware-acceleration rule condition check operation, a rule condition check result is generated to indicate whether a data stream portion (such as a record or field) satisfies any rule conditions. Preferably, the rule condition check result is generated only when a data stream portion satisfies a rule condition. However, this need not be the case. It should also be understood that the rule condition check result can be expressed in any of a number of ways. For example, a rule condition check result can be expressed as a bit value (or bit values) in a register within a system. A rule condition check result can also be expressed as one or more bits that are added to an existing record (such as by adding a field to a record to express the rule condition check result or by adding a bit to an existing field of a record to express the rule condition check result). As yet another example, a rule condition check result can be expressed as a new record that is inserted into the data stream.

Based on the rule condition check results, enterprises can take desired actions with an extremely low degree of latency, particularly relative to a conventional rule-based decision-making system which relies on software executed by a main GPP for the system to determine whether various data records satisfy pre-defined rule conditions. With embodiments described herein, data is streamed into a coprocessor, and rule condition check results based on a plurality of different rule conditions can be generated at bus bandwidth rates, thereby leading to dramatic improvements in rule-based decision-making latency.

In doing so, the present invention preferably harnesses the underlying hardware-accelerated technology disclosed in the following patents and patent applications: U.S. Pat. No. 6,711,558 entitled “Associated Database Scanning and Information Retrieval”, U.S. Pat. No. 7,139,743 entitled “Associative Database Scanning and Information Retrieval using FPGA Devices”, U.S. Patent Application Publication 2006/0294059 entitled “Intelligent Data Storage and Processing Using FPGA Devices”, U.S. Patent Application Publication 2007/0067108 entitled “Method and Apparatus for Performing Biosequence Similarity Searching”, U.S. Patent Application Publication 2008/0086274 entitled “Method and Apparatus for Protein Sequence Alignment Using FPGA Devices”, U.S. Patent Application Publication 2007/0130140 entitled “Method and Device for High Performance Regular Expression Pattern Matching”, U.S. Patent Application Publication 2007/0260602 entitled “Method and Apparatus for Approximate Pattern Matching”, U.S. Patent Application Publication 2007/0174841 entitled “Firmware Socket Module for FPGA-Based Pipeline Processing”, U.S. Patent Application Publication 2007/0237327 entitled “Method and System for High Throughput Blockwise Independent Encryption/Decryption”), U.S. Patent Application Publication 2007/0294157 entitled “Method and System for High Speed Options Pricing”, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/765,306, filed Jun. 19, 2007, entitled “High Speed Processing of Financial Information Using FPGA Devices” (and published as U.S. Patent Application Publication 2008/0243675), U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/938,732, filed Nov. 12, 2007, entitled “Method and System for High Performance Data Metatagging and Data Indexing Using Coprocessors” (published as U.S. Patent Application Publication 2008/0114725), U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/938,709, filed Nov. 12, 2007, entitled “Method and System for High Performance Integration, Processing and Searching of Structured and Unstructured Data Using Coprocessors” (published as U.S. Patent Application Publication 2008/0114724), and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/013,302, filed Jan. 11, 2008, entitled “Method and System for Low Latency Basket Calculation” (published as U.S. Patent Application Publication 2009/0182683), the entire disclosures of each of which are incorporated herein by reference.

It should be understood that the range of actions which can triggered by the accelerated rule condition check operations described herein are virtually limitless and can be tailored to meet the particular needs of a practitioner of embodiments for the invention. Exemplary actions may include sending an alert to a designated person or group of persons, invoking a particular process within an enterprise computing system, deleting a record, placing a record into a holding queue, routing a record to a particular destination, etc. Furthermore, with respect to the conceptual “event/condition/action” (ECA) framework discussed in connection with FIG. 1, it should also be understood that an action corresponding to a rule can also include the act of generating the rule condition check result. The presence of the rule condition check result could then trigger additional secondary actions (such as an application which monitors the value of a particular register that stores rule condition check results to decide whether a certain functional action should be triggered). It should also be understood that the action that is triggered by satisfaction of a rule can be performed using a coprocessor or other processing device within an enterprise computing system.

The data streams being operated upon by the embodiments of the present invention preferably comprise a plurality of records or events as represented by bit strings. It should be noted that the terms records and events are used interchangeably herein. A data record or event signifies a fact 100 such as that described in connection with FIG. 1.

Many enterprises have one or more data feeds where extremely high volumes of data events are constantly streaming into the enterprise's computing system. To provide an enterprise with actionable intelligence capabilities with respect to such data streams, the inventors disclose various embodiments which accelerate the operations needed to determine which incoming events satisfy which pre-defined rules. Examples of operations which can be hardware-accelerated in accordance with various embodiments of the present invention include rule condition check operations (such as matching operations, range check operations, and threshold check operations), aggregate value computation operations, derived value computation operations, filtering operations, path merging operations, and formatting operations. It should be noted that the rule condition check operations can be performed directly on data values within the events themselves or on data values derived and/or aggregated from data values within the events themselves.

Preferably a pipeline is arranged in a coprocessor to check the incoming data streams against the rule conditions of the enterprise's business rules. Even more preferably, such a pipeline includes a plurality of different parallel paths for performing different ones of these checks simultaneously with one another.

Further still, the accelerated operations described herein are preferably deployed by an enterprise in systems such as event stream processors, complex event stream processors, and business rules engines.

Examples of the myriad of beneficial business rule-based applications for embodiments of the invention include data quality checking (particularly in data integration systems such as Extract, Transfer, Load (ETL) systems), security monitoring for transactions such as credit card transactions, financial market monitoring, data routing within an enterprise based on data content, Rete network acceleration, and others, as explained in greater detail below.

These and other features and advantages of the present invention will be apparent to those having ordinary skill in the art upon review of the following description and drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 depicts an exemplary process flow for a rule-based system;

FIG. 2(a) illustrates an exemplary event stream processing appliance in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 2(b) illustrates an exemplary event stream processing appliance in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 2(c) illustrates an exemplary event stream processing appliance in accordance with yet another embodiment of the present invention;

FIGS. 3(a) and (b) illustrate exemplary printed circuit boards for use in the appliances of FIGS. 2(a)-(c);

FIG. 4 illustrates an example of how a firmware pipeline can be deployed across multiple reconfigurable logic devices;

FIG. 5 is a high level block diagram view of how a coprocessor can be used perform a rule condition check operation on data that streams therethrough;

FIG. 6 depicts an exemplary matching module that can be deployed on a coprocessor to check incoming events against a plurality of standing rule conditions;

FIGS. 7(a)-(g) depict exemplary firmware pipelines and firmware modules within those pipelines that can be used to perform rule condition check operations on an incoming stream;

FIG. 7(h) depicts an exemplary data stream that has been partitioned into records and fields;

FIG. 8(a) depicts an exemplary rule condition checking pipeline with multiple rule condition checking paths;

FIG. 8(b) depicts an example of how streams within the multiple paths of FIG. 8(a) can be merged together;

FIGS. 8(c)-(e) depict additional exemplary rule condition checking pipelines with multiple rule condition checking paths;

FIG. 9 depicts another exemplary embodiment for a multi-path rule condition checking pipeline;

FIG. 10 depicts an exemplary record and field identifier module for the pipeline of FIG. 9;

FIG. 11 depicts an exemplary field selection module for the pipeline of FIG. 9;

FIG. 12 depicts an exemplary regular expression pattern matching module for the pipeline of FIG. 9;

FIG. 13(a) depicts an exemplary secondary matching module for the pipeline of FIG. 9;

FIG. 13(b) depicts an exemplary mode of operation for the secondary matching module of FIG. 13(a);

FIGS. 14(a) and (b) depict an exemplary word parsing module for the pipeline of FIG. 9;

FIG. 15 depicts an exemplary exact/approximate word matching module for the pipeline of FIG. 9;

FIGS. 16(a) and (b) depict an exemplary record appendage formatting module for the pipeline of FIG. 9;

FIGS. 17(a) and (b) depict an exemplary record join module for the pipeline of FIG. 9;

FIG. 18 depicts an exemplary record and field delimiter insertion module for the pipeline of FIG. 9;

FIG. 19(a) depicts an exemplary embodiment for a complex event stream processor appliance;

FIG. 19(b) depicts an exemplary mode of operation for a complex event generator such as that of FIG. 19(a);

FIG. 20 depicts an exemplary environment in which an event stream processing appliance can be employed to provide business rule processing for an enterprise;

FIG. 21(a) depicts an exemplary event stream processing pipeline configured for data quality checking;

FIG. 21(b) depicts an exemplary mode of operation for a range check module within the pipeline of FIG. 21(a);

FIG. 22 depicts an exemplary event stream processing pipeline configured to process incoming credit card transaction records;

FIG. 23 depicts an exemplary mode of operation for a range check module within the pipeline of FIG. 22;

FIGS. 24(a)-(c) depict an exemplary mode of operation for a derived value check module within the pipeline of FIG. 22; and

FIGS. 25(a) and (b) depict exemplary embodiments for a hardware-accelerated Rete network.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

FIG. 2(a) depicts an exemplary embodiment for an event stream processing appliance 200 which can be used to accelerate business rules processing. While an embodiment of appliance 200 can be referred to as a business rules engine, it should be noted that functionalities in addition to business rules processing can be supported by appliance 200; for example, appliance 200 could also be used to generate metadata (including indexes) for streaming data as explained in the above-referenced and incorporated U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/938,732, and appliance 200 could also be used to integrate, process, and search both structured and unstructured data as explained in the above-referenced and incorporated U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/938,709.

Preferably, appliance 200 employs a hardware-accelerated data processing capability through coprocessor 450 to analyze an incoming data stream against a set of business rules. Within appliance 200, a coprocessor 450 is positioned to receive data that streams into the appliance 200 from a network 420 (via network interface 410). Network 420 preferably comprises an enterprise network (whether LAN or WAN), in which various disparate data sources are located. It should be understood that the data streaming into the appliance 200 through enterprise network 420 can be data that is received by network 420 from external sources such as the Internet or other communication networks. Such incoming data may comprise both structured and unstructured data as appliance 200 can provide beneficial business rules analysis for both.

The computer system defined by processor 412 and RAM 408 can be any commodity computer system as would be understood by those having ordinary skill in the art. For example, the computer system may be an Intel Xeon system or an AMD Opteron system. Thus, processor 412, which serves as the central or main processor for appliance 200, preferably comprises a GPP.

In a preferred embodiment, the coprocessor 450 comprises a reconfigurable logic device 402. Preferably, data streams into the reconfigurable logic device 402 by way of system bus 406, although other design architectures are possible (see FIG. 3(b)). Preferably, the reconfigurable logic device 402 is a field programmable gate array (FPGA), although this need not be the case. System bus 406 can also interconnect the reconfigurable logic device 402 with the appliance's processor 412 as well as the appliance's RAM 408. In a preferred embodiment, system bus 406 may be a PCI-X bus or a PCI-Express bus, although this need not be the case.

The reconfigurable logic device 402 has firmware modules deployed thereon that define its functionality. The firmware socket module 404 handles the data movement requirements (both command data and target data) into and out of the reconfigurable logic device, thereby providing a consistent application interface to the firmware application module (FAM) chain 350 that is also deployed on the reconfigurable logic device. The FAMs 350 i of the FAM chain 350 are configured to perform specified data processing operations on any data that streams through the chain 350 from the firmware socket module 404. Preferred examples of FAMs that can be deployed on reconfigurable logic in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention are described below.

The specific data processing operation that is performed by a FAM is controlled/parameterized by the command data that FAM receives from the firmware socket module 404. This command data can be FAM-specific, and upon receipt of the command, the FAM will arrange itself to carry out the data processing operation controlled by the received command. For example, within a FAM that is configured to perform an exact match operation, the FAM's exact match operation can be parameterized to define the key(s) that the exact match operation will be run against. In this way, a FAM that is configured to perform an exact match operation can be readily re-arranged to perform a different exact match operation by simply loading new parameters for one or more different keys in that FAM.

Once a FAM has been arranged to perform the data processing operation specified by a received command, that FAM is ready to carry out its specified data processing operation on the data stream that it receives from the firmware socket module. Thus, a FAM can be arranged through an appropriate command to process a specified stream of data in a specified manner. Once the FAM has completed its data processing operation, another command can be sent to that FAM that will cause the FAM to re-arrange itself to alter the nature of the data processing operation performed thereby. Not only will the FAM operate at hardware speeds (thereby providing a high throughput of data through the FAM), but the FAMs can also be flexibly reprogrammed to change the parameters of their data processing operations.

The FAM chain 350 preferably comprises a plurality of firmware application modules (FAMs) 350 a, 350 b, . . . that are arranged in a pipelined sequence. However, it should be noted that within the firmware pipeline, one or more parallel paths of FAMs 350 i can be employed. For example, the firmware chain may comprise three FAMs arranged in a first pipelined path (e.g., FAMs 350 a, 350 b, 350 c) and four FAMs arranged in a second pipelined path (e.g., FAMs 350 d, 350 e, 350 f, and 350 g), wherein the first and second pipelined paths are parallel with each other. Furthermore, the firmware pipeline can have one or more paths branch off from an existing pipeline path. A practitioner of the present invention can design an appropriate arrangement of FAMs for FAM chain 350 based on the processing needs of a given application.

A communication path 430 connects the firmware socket module 404 with the input of the first one of the pipelined FAMs 350 a. The input of the first FAM 350 a serves as the entry point into the FAM chain 350. A communication path 432 connects the output of the final one of the pipelined FAMs 350 m with the firmware socket module 404. The output of the final FAM 350 m serves as the exit point from the FAM chain 350. Both communication path 430 and communication path 432 are preferably multi-bit paths.

The nature of the software and hardware/software interfaces used by appliance 200, particularly in connection with data flow into and out of the firmware socket module are described in greater detail in the above-referenced and incorporated U.S. Patent Application Publication 2007/0174841.

FIG. 2(b) depicts another exemplary embodiment for appliance 200. In the example of FIG. 2(b), appliance 200 includes a relational database management system 304 that is in communication with bus 406 via disk controller 414. Thus, the data that is streamed through the coprocessor 450 may also emanate from RDBMS 304.

FIG. 2(c) depicts another exemplary embodiment for appliance 200. In the example of FIG. 2(c), appliance 200 also includes a data store 306 of unstructured data that is in communication with bus 406 via disk controller 416. Thus, the data that is streamed through the coprocessor 450 may also emanate from data store 306. Furthermore, any unstructured data that is streamed through coprocessor 450 for business rules processing can optionally be stored within data store 306.

FIG. 3(a) depicts a printed circuit board or card 330 that can be connected to the PCI-X or PCI-e bus 406 of a commodity computer system for use as a coprocessor 450 in appliance 200 for any of the embodiments of FIGS. 2(a)-(c). In the example of FIG. 3(a), the printed circuit board includes an FPGA 402 (such as a Xilinx Virtex II FPGA) that is in communication with a memory device 332 and a PCI-X bus connector 334. A preferred memory device 332 comprises SRAM and DRAM memory. A preferred PCI-X or PCI-e bus connector 334 is a standard card edge connector.

FIG. 3(b) depicts an alternate configuration for a printed circuit board/card 330. In the example of FIG. 3(b), a bus 336 (such as a PCI-X or PCI-e bus), one or more disk controllers 338, and a disk connector 340 are also installed on the printed circuit board 330. Any commodity disk interface technology can be supported, as is understood in the art. In this configuration, the firmware socket 404 also serves as a PCI-X to PCI-X bridge to provide the processor 412 with normal access to any disk(s) connected via the private PCI-X bus 336. It should be noted that a network interface can be used in addition to or in place of the disk controller and disk connector shown in FIG. 3(b).

It is worth noting that in either the configuration of FIG. 3(a) or 3(b), the firmware socket 404 can make memory 332 accessible to the bus 406, which thereby makes memory 332 available for use by an OS kernel as the buffers for transfers to the FAMs from a data source with access to bus. It is also worth noting that while a single FPGA 402 is shown on the printed circuit boards of FIGS. 3(a) and (b), it should be understood that multiple FPGAs can be supported by either including more than one FPGA on the printed circuit board 330 or by installing more than one printed circuit board 330 in the appliance 200. FIG. 4 depicts an example where numerous FAMs in a single pipeline are deployed across multiple FPGAs.

FIG. 5 depicts at a high level a coprocessor 450 that receives an incoming data stream and performs a rule condition check operation 500 on data within the received data stream against at least one rule condition (and preferably plurality of rule conditions) to generate rule condition check results for the data stream. An action engine 502 then takes one or more actions based on rule condition results produced as a result of the rule condition check operation 500. Examples of different hardware-accelerated rule condition check operations 500 will be described in greater detail hereinafter. In an exemplary embodiment, these operations are carried out in firmware deployed on reconfigurable logic. It should also be understood that the action engine 502, need not, but may also be implemented on coprocessor 450. For example, coprocessor 450 can be configured to communicate with an action engine that is implemented as software executing on a processor within an enterprise's computing system other than a coprocessor 450. Any of a number of components within an enterprise computing system may serve as an action engine. For example, a database system can be configured to serve as an action engine (e.g., by handling and storing data within a record in a particular manner based on a rule condition result associated with that data).

FIG. 6 depicts an exemplary embodiment wherein rule condition check operation(s) performed by coprocessor 450 includes a matching operation. Such a matching operation can be extremely useful for rule conditions which require a determination to be made as to whether a particular string or string pattern is present in a record. It is believed by the inventors that in conventional business rules engines, where software executed by a main GPP is used to match fact data with rule conditions for an assessment of whether any facts satisfy any rule conditions, this matching process accounts for the vast majority of processing time. FIG. 6 thus presents a solution for rules-based system to greatly accelerate this matching process by performing the matching process at hardware speeds. In this example, the data stream takes the form of a stream of data events 600. Each event 600 can be considered a data record as represented by a bit string. It should be well understood that the coprocessor 450 can be configured to receive the bits of the bit string as multiple bytes every clock cycle. Furthermore, each record preferably takes the form of (identifier, attribute, value) as explained above in connection with FIG. 1. However, other forms of data within a data stream 600 can be processed by coprocessor 450. For example, the “attribute” for a record can be presumed from the nature of the record itself, which may be the case for instances where records within the data stream include documents such as word processing files. Thus, it should be understood that the data within data stream 600 need not be rigidly formatted into identifiers/attributes/values.

In the example of FIG. 6, coprocessor 450 includes a matching module 602. This matching module 602 may be implemented in firmware on reconfigurable logic. Matching module 602 maintains a rule set 604, wherein rule set 604 comprises a plurality of rule conditions 606. Each rule condition effectively serves as a key against which the events are queried to determine if there are any events which match any rule conditions. Upon detection of a match between an event and a rule condition, the matching module 602 generates a rule condition check result for that event such that the coprocessor 450. In an exemplary embodiment, this rule condition check result can take the form of one or more bits that are representative of the existence of a match between an event and a rule condition. As previously explained, the coprocessor can use any of a number of techniques for expressing such rule condition check results. One technique can be used where the event stream itself is enriched. For example, one or more bits can be appended to an existing event which matches one or more rule conditions to identify which rule condition(s) were satisfied. Also, a new event can be generated in response to a detected match, wherein the new event identifies the event and the rule condition(s) for which a match was found. An event stream output from the coprocessor 450 which has been enhanced with rule condition check results can be referred to as enriched event stream 608. Also, various techniques can be used to encode an identification of matching rule conditions in a bit string. For example, each position in a bit string can be associated with a different rule condition, and the matching module 602 can be configured to set a particular bit position high in response to finding a matching between an event and the rule condition corresponding to that bit position. As another example, hashing can be used to encode an identification of matching rule conditions in a bit string.

Any of a number of matching techniques can be used to perform the matching operation of matching module 602. For example, hardware-accelerated matching techniques can be used such as those described in the above-referenced and incorporated U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,711,558 and 7,139,743 and U.S. Patent Application Publications 2006/0294059, 2007/0130140, and 2007/0260602. The 2007/0130140 publication describes a technique whereby a data stream can be inspected at hardware speeds to assess whether any data serves as a match to any of a number of regular expression patterns. As such, the technology disclosed in the 2007/0130140 publication can preferably be used by matching module 602 to detect any matches to rule conditions 606 which are expressed as regular expression patterns. Also, the 2007/0260602 publication discloses a technique whereby a data stream can be inspected at hardware speeds to query a given window of the data stream against a large number of standing keys (of various lengths) to determine whether the data stream window is an approximate match (within a definable degree of tolerance) to any of the keys. It should be understood that the technology of the 2007/0260602 publication can also be used to support exact match operations by simply setting the tolerance degree to a value of zero. As such, the technology disclosed in the 2007/0260602 publication can be used by matching module 602 to detect any exact or approximate matches with respect to rule conditions 606 which are expressed as words. Additional examples of hardware-accelerated matching techniques which can be used by matching module 602 include the exact matching technique known as the Rabin-Karp Search (RKS) (see Brodie, Benjamin C., Roger D. Chamberlain, Berkley Shands, and Jason White, “Dynamic reconfigurable computing,” in Proc. Of 9^(th) Military and Aerospace Programmable Logic Devices International Conference, September 2006, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference) and the approximate matching technique known as the k-sub matching algorithm (see the above-referenced and incorporated article Brodie, Benjamin C., Roger D. Chamberlain, Berkley Shands, and Jason White, “Dynamic reconfigurable computing,” in Proc. Of 9^(th) Military and Aerospace Programmable Logic Devices International Conference, September 2006).

The enriched event stream 608 produced by coprocessor 450 can optionally then be passed along to downstream processing entities which are configured to take additional actions in response to the detected rule condition matches. As noted above, such an action engine 502 can be implemented in either hardware and/or software deployed on the coprocessor 450, a main processor for the system, and/or other processing device. However, it should be understood that the coprocessor 450 of FIG. 6 can itself be considered an ECA rule-based system in that the classic “If CONDITION(s) then ACTION(s)” conceptual framework of a rule 112 is met in that the actions specified by rule conditions 606 are exemplified by the generation of the rule condition check results. Thus, if “Rule Condition 1” is satisfied, then the action to be taken can be the exemplary action of “generating a rule condition check result that is indicative of Rule Condition 1 being satisfied”.

The hardware-accelerated rules-based decision-making system of FIG. 6 can be used for a myriad of applications, with particular benefits for applications which require latency-sensitive rules-based decision-making, examples of which are explained in greater detail below.

It should also be understood that the coprocessor 450 in a rules-based decision-making system may optionally employ modules in addition to or different than matching module 602. FIG. 7(a) depicts an embodiment of coprocessor 450 wherein a pipeline 710 (preferably a firmware pipeline deployed in reconfigurable logic) employs a filtering module 700 upstream from the matching module 602. The filtering module 700 is configured select/deselect data within an incoming event stream 600 to generate a reduced event stream 702. For example, an enterprise may only wish for the matching module 602 to process certain records, certain fields, and/or certain fields of certain records. Thus, filtering module 700 can be configured such that only the appropriate data will be processed by matching module 602. The selection of which data will be passed by the filtering module 700 is preferably based on the value(s) in one or more specified fields of event stream 600. In doing so, the filtering module 700 may also employ its own matching module to find matches between fields that are selected for further processing and fields within an event stream. Furthermore, it should be noted that the output 704 of the matching module 602 can optionally be passed to one or more downstream modules, as explained in greater detail hereinafter.

It should also be noted that pipeline 710 may optionally employ a plurality of parallel paths, as shown in FIG. 7(b). Each path preferably employs a filtering module 700 and a rule condition checking module such as matching module 602. Preferably, the matching module 602 within a particular path is configured with a different rule condition set relative to the matching modules within other paths. For example, one path may employ a matching module configured to perform checks on rule conditions which require exact/approximate string matching while another path may employ a matching module configured to perform checks on rule conditions which require regular expression pattern matching. Thus, each filtering module 700 can operate to reduce the event stream 600 within its path to a reduced event stream 702 that is appropriate for the rule set used by that path's matching module.

In many instances, it will be desirable for the pipeline 710 to possess the capability to perform complex event stream processing. With complex event stream processing, the question of whether a rule is satisfied may require rule conditions which depend upon multiple events or events within different streams. As such, it is beneficial for coprocessor 450 to possess the ability to cache a desired window of received events and rule condition check results. In this manner, determinations can be made as to whether a rule condition whose satisfaction requires consideration of multiple events. To provide such caching capabilities, pipeline 710 employs a windowing module 720, as shown in FIG. 7(c). Windowing module 720 preferably implements the ability to declare that certain events within stream 704 are to be cached/persisted in memory for future reference. Such cached events can be stored in available memory such as RAM that is accessible to the pipeline (see, e.g., memory device 332) or other storage such as a hard disk drive 724, as shown in FIG. 7(d). Preferably, the windowing module 720 employs some form of a timeout value 726 that is used to decide when events are to be flushed from the cache. The windowing module 720 can be configured to maintain and track different timeout values for each cached event. Optionally, the window (or windows) of events which are maintained as history by the windowing module can be configured to slide over the course of the event stream such that it maintains a history of the most recent k events at any given time using one or more shift registers or the like rather than timeout values.

It may also be desirable for pipeline 710 to include a join/correlation module 730, as shown in FIG. 7(e). The role of module 730 would be to merge two or more windows of events from the windowing module 720 into a single stream 732, wherein stream 732 comprises events with values that are joined from the multiple windows. It should be understood that the streams being joined can be joined on any of a number of system-defined join keys. For example, it may be the case that incoming stream 722 may include multiple streams whose records are interleaved with each other. For example, stream 722 may include a first conceptual stream which comprises financial market events (e.g., stock trades) and second conceptual stream which comprises news reports from a news feed. The events from these two conceptual streams may be interleaved within stream 722. The join/correlation module 730 can then merge these two conceptual streams into a single stream using a join key. For example, perhaps a practitioner of pipeline 710 desires to merge records which are news articles about Acme Corp. with records that are stock transaction events for Acme Corp. Thus, Acme Corp. can be used as a join key such that a stock transaction record within an event window available to module 730 having the ticker symbol for Acme Corp. will be merged with a news record within an event window available to module 730 that contains the word “Acme”. If necessary, the join/correlation module 730 can maintain its own caching capabilities (such as one like that shown for windowing module 720) to retain a desired history of the event windows. It should also be understood that rather than receiving a single physical stream with multiple interleaved conceptual streams, the join/correlation module can be configured receive multiple physical streams (with each of these physical streams comprising a single conceptual stream or multiple conceptual streams).

Optionally, the join/correlation module 730 may employ additional features such as a join to static data from a database. With a join to static data, the data to be joined would be read from a static database such as external database 734. In this way, a join operation can operate to add data which is stored in the database to the streaming records. An example of a join to static data that can be performed by pipeline 710 involves joining a stream of transaction records with data from a customer master table that is stored in a database 734. Using a join key such a name field in the stream of transaction records and a name field in the customer master table, joins can be performed on transaction records and customer data from the table that share the same value in a name field.

Another feature that can be performed by a join/correlation module is an approximate join. Continuing with the example above, an approximate join between a stream of transaction records and data from a customer master table, wherein the approximate join is based on a join key that is a name field, will support joins where there is only an approximate match and not an exact match between the values in the name fields of the transaction records and the customer table. Thus, a transaction record with a name field value of “John A. Smith” can be joined with customer data associated with a name field value of “John Smith” even through the two field values do not exactly match. As such, the join/correlation module 730 would employ approximate matching functionality that performs an approximate match operation between the values in the fields defined by the join key that are under consideration for a possible join. If the approximate match operation results in a determination that the two values are sufficiently similar, then the join is performed. Approximate matching technology such as the kinds previously discussed can be used for this functionality. It should also be understood that approximate joins need not be limited to joins on data stored in a database 734. Approximate joins can also be performed on multiple streams available to module 730. Furthermore, the approximate nature of the approximate join need not only be defined by approximate word matching operations. For example, with approximate joins on multiple data streams, it should be noted that because the time dimension of the multiple streams may not exactly align with each other, the value matching of the approximate join may be based on time intervals rather than exact times. Thus, if a time stamp field of records within two streams is used as a join key, then an approximate join operation can be configured such that any time stamp value within a range of time stamp values for the two streams will be deemed a match. To implement this functionality, a range check operation such as the ones described herein can be performed.

Pipeline 710 may also be configured to include an aggregation module 740, as shown in FIG. 7(f). Aggregation module 740 is preferably configured to perform aggregations based on pre-defined mathematical expressions. As such, aggregation module preferably maintains or have access to data storage capabilities such as on-chip memory or memory 332. Optionally, these aggregations may operate on the windows of events produced by the windowing module (and present in the output of the join/correlation module 630). An example of an aggregation module is depicted in FIG. 19(b), discussed hereinafter. Additional examples of aggregation operations that may be performed include moving average computations, volume weighted average pricing (VWAP) operations, risk analysis operations, etc.

In instances where the event stream 600 does not possess a record/field format for its data (or possesses a record/field format that is not recognized by pipeline 710), pipeline 710 may also employ a record and field identifier module 750 at its head, as shown in FIG. 7(g). The record and field identifier module 750 is configured to partition the event stream 600 into a record-delimited and field-delimited event stream 752 that is understood within pipeline 710. Preferably, a priori knowledge exists about the format of the incoming events so that appropriate tables can be maintained and accessed by module 750 when partitioning the event stream. For example, it may be known a priori that a certain bit string (or certain bit strings) will serve as a record delimiter. Furthermore, it may be known a priori that certain fields will begin at certain offsets within a record (e.g., a byte 10, field x begins, at byte 13, field y begins, etc.). Alternatively, it may be known a priori that certain field delimiters can be present in records, and module 750 can be configured to recognize these delimiters and possibly replace them with a field delimiter format that is internal to pipeline 710. However, it should further be noted that module 750 can also be configured to “learn” the formats of incoming records and use this learned knowledge to perform the partitioning.

FIG. 7(h) depicts an exemplary record and field delimited stream 752. The record and field identifier module 750 inserts appropriate record delimiters (RDLs) 762 into the stream to separate the different data events from each other. Preferably, each RDL 762 also serves as a record identifier 106 as discussed above for facts 100. Moreover, the data within each event may be categorized into one or more fields, with each field being identified by a field delimiter (FDL) 764. Following each FDL 764 is the data 766 corresponding to the value for that field. It should be readily understood that FDLs 764 correspond to the attribute identifiers 108 discussed above for facts 100 and that data 766 corresponds to the values 110 discussed above for facts 100. Thus, stream 752 comprises a plurality of events/records 760 partitioned by RDLs 762, with each record being partitioned into field-delimited data 766 (via FDLs 764). Thus, filtering module can rely on the partitions within data stream 752 when making decisions as to which records and fields will be passed to downstream modules. It should also be noted that the terms “record delimiter” and “field delimiter” can be alternatively referred to as “record identifier” and “field identifier” respectively.

It should also be understood that the arrangements for pipeline 710 shown in FIGS. 7(a)-(h) are exemplary only and different pipeline arrangements can be implemented with different module orders within the pipeline, different module interconnections within the pipeline, and/or different modules altogether within the pipeline. For example, the windowing module 720 can be configured to pass its event windows back to the matching module 602 so that rule conditions across an entire event window can be checked. Also, an additional rule condition checking module (or modules) can be located downstream from the windowing module 730 to provide rule condition checking for complex events. Further still, various modules could be added/deleted to/from the pipeline 710 depending upon the needs of a given rule set or stream conditions.

FIG. 8(a) illustrates an embodiment wherein coprocessor 450 employs a plurality of parallel paths 800 for checking rule conditions. Each path may comprise a pipeline 710 such as any of those shown in FIGS. 7(a), 7(c), 7(e), 7(f), and 7(g), and will operate to produce a path-specific stream 802 of events and rule condition check results. A path merging module 804 is positioned to receive the streams 802 and merge them into the output stream 608. In this manner, path merging module 804 provides similar functionality as the join/correlation module 730 discussed above. FIG. 8(b) depicts an exemplary path merging operation. In this example, the rule condition checking paths 800 operate to append, onto records which have fields that satisfy a rule condition, a field 820 corresponding to the rule condition check result. This enrichment field 820 includes a bit string whose values are indicative of which rule conditions that the record's fields satisfied (either directly or indirectly). Thus, continuing with an example where the enrichment field is directly indicative of which rule conditions are satisfied, the enrichment field 820 for record 760 within stream 802 ₁ (from path 800 ₁) indicates that rule condition #5 was satisfied. The enrichment field 820 for record 760 within stream 802 ₂ (from path 800 ₂) indicates that rule condition #2 was satisfied. Thus, to merge the enrichment fields from the two paths together, the path merging module 804 operates to essentially combine the enrichment fields 820 for the record within streams 802 ₁ and 802 ₂ to create a combined enrichment field 822 for that record in output stream 608 which indicates that record 760 satisfied both rule condition #2 and #5. In this example, the path merging module 804 produces the combined enrichment field 822 in the output stream 608 by ORing together the fields 820 in the path output streams 802. However, it should be understood that any of a number of techniques can be used to represent rule condition check results within each stream 802 and to combine the rule condition check results within streams 802. For example, rather than ORing together the different fields 820 for a record in streams 802, the path merging module 804 can be configured to concatenate the different fields 820. In such a case, the enrichment field 820 for a record in a particular stream 802 would only identify the rule conditions which are pertinent for the path 800 of that stream 802. Another way to merge fields 820 would be for instances where both paths result in the same rule being satisfied, then this could be indicated in field 822 by summing the bit strings of the individual streams.

FIG. 8(c) depicts an alternate embodiment wherein the coprocessor 450 also includes a bypass path 810 that feeds into the path merging module 804. In instances where a filtering module 700 is used within any of paths 800, with use of the bypass path 810, the path merging module 804 will be able to take into consideration any records and fields which may have been filtered out of the path streams when it assembles the enriched output stream 608. Thus, the path merging module 804 will have an unmolested event stream into which to insert the rule condition check results generated by paths 802.

FIG. 8(d) depicts an embodiment for coprocessor 450 corresponding to that of FIG. 8(a) wherein a record and field identifier module 750 is positioned to receive the incoming stream 600 and partition the event stream into appropriate records and fields. FIG. 8(e) depicts an embodiment for coprocessor 450 corresponding to that of FIG. 8(c) wherein a record and field identifier module 750 is positioned to receive the incoming stream 600 and partition the event stream into appropriate records and fields. In this embodiment, bypass path 810 is preferably configured to communicate the partitioned event stream to the path merging module 804.

FIG. 9 depicts an exemplary pipeline 900 (preferably deployed in firmware on a coprocessor 450) that is configured as a rules-based decision-making system. This exemplary pipeline 900 comprises three parallel paths—a first path wherein rule conditions are checked using a regular expression pattern matching module 904, a second path wherein rule conditions are checked using an exact/approximate word matching module 910, and a third path which serves as a bypass path 810. At the head of pipeline 900 is a record and field identifier module 750 which creates the partitioned data stream received by the three paths. A first record join module 914 operates to join the streams emanating from the first two paths, while a second record join module 914 operates to join the merged stream of the first two paths and the original stream of the bypass path 810. Downstream from the second record join module 914 is a record and field delimiter insertion module 916. The first path preferably comprises a field selection module 902, a regular expression pattern matching module 904, and a secondary matching module 906 as shown in FIG. 9. The second path preferably comprises a field selection module 902, a word parsing module 908, an exact/approximate word matching module 910, and a record appendage formatting module 912.

FIG. 10 depicts an exemplary embodiment for a record and field identifier module 750. A command parser 1000 is configured to receive command data for the module 750 (preferably by way of firmware socket module 404) and configure module 750 such that it operates as desired (e.g., instructions that identify the bit strings to be used as a record delimiter and the bit strings to be used as field delimiters). Data table 1002 stores one or more field delimiters eligible for insertion into the event stream to delineate field boundaries within data. Each field delimiter may be configured to impart meaning to the data values corresponding to a particular field. Also, each field delimiter can be configured to indicate an ordered location for a particular field within a record (e.g., field 1 should be before field 2 within a record, and so on). It should also be noted that each field delimiter may also optionally be simply a delimiter that does not itself contain any metainformation about the nature of its corresponding field. Data table 1004 stores one or more record delimiters for insertion into the event stream to delineate record boundaries within data. Optionally, each record delimiter can be configured to uniquely identify each record. To do so, a counter can be employed to populate the record delimiter table with the record delimiter to be used for each incoming record. The record delimiter can also be a bit string that is unique relative to other data within the stream but is not otherwise uniquely indicative of a particular record. In such instances, a downstream module can then assign a unique identifier to each record that has been marked with such an RDL. Data tables 1002 and 1004 can be maintained in available on-chip memory or other accessible memory such as memory 332.

Field and record splitter 1006 operates to parse the raw data stream 600 to identify where record delimiters and field delimiters from tables 1002 and 1004 should be inserted. Splitter 1006 is preferably provided with (offset, length) pairs which indicate where the different fields exist relative to the start of each record. Upon encountering a location where an FDL needs to be inserted, the splitter 1006 can access table 1002 to retrieve the appropriate FDL and insert that FDL into the record at that location. In this manner, the field and record splitter 1006 is able to produce an output stream 752 of data events that are partitioned into records and fields.

FIG. 11 depicts an exemplary embodiment for a field selection module 902, which serves as a filtering module 750 as previously described for the first and second paths of pipeline 900. Each field selection module 902 is configured to reduce the data stream within its path to only records and fields that are to be considered against that path's rule set. A command parser 1100 is configured to receive command data for the module 902 (preferably by way of firmware socket module 404) and configure module 902 such that it operates as desired (e.g., instructions that identify the records and fields that are to be passed to or blocked from the output stream 1106). Field select table 1102 stores identifiers for the fields which are to be passed to (or blocked from) the output stream 1106 of selected data fields. The output of a field selection module 902 will be a stream 1106 of select data fields and their corresponding values. It should be understood that field selection module 902 may optionally be configured to retain the record identifiers in the output stream of select fields, which can enhance the throughput of the pipeline 900 so that stalls during merging operations are minimized. However, optionally, the pipeline 900 can be configured to process the select fields of a single record at a time within the pipeline paths, in which case the field selection modules 902 could also strip out the record identifiers from each record.

It should be understood that the field selection module 902 in each path of pipeline 900 can be configured to pass different fields based on the rule conditions within each path's rule set. That is, if incoming event stream 752 includes records partitioned into multiple fields, where one field is relevant to a rule condition within the first path's rule set but not any rule condition in the second path's rule set, then the field selection module 902 for the first path would be configured to pass that field while the field selection module 902 for the second path would be configured to block that field. In this manner, the field selection module 902 serves to lower the processing workload of downstream modules in each path.

FIG. 12 depicts an exemplary regular expression pattern matching module 904. A command parser 1200 is configured to receive command data for the module 904 (preferably by way of firmware socket module 404) and configure module 904 such that it operates as desired (e.g., instructions that identify the regular expression patterns to serve as keys for the matching engines 1202). Preferably, module 904 employs a plurality of parallel regular expression pattern matching engines 1202. In an exemplary embodiment, each engine 1202 is configured to detect a different regular expression pattern. Thus, one engine 1202 can operate to detect a credit card number pattern while another engine 1202 can operate to detect a social security number pattern. The stream 1106 of select data fields are broadcast to all of the matching engines 1202 to assess whether any of the data within the fields of stream 1106 match any of the data patterns keyed into the regular expression pattern matching engines 1202. As noted above, the regular expression pattern matching engines preferably employ the technology disclosed in the above-referenced and incorporated U.S. Patent Application Publication 2007/0130140. Output logic 1204 serves to merge the matching fields output of the different engines 1202 together into an output stream 1206 of matching fields. In doing so, logic 1204 preferably enhances the output stream 1206 with an indication of which patterns were found to be present in a given input event.

It should be noted that module 904 is preferably only configured to output a match if any field within stream 1106 contains a data pattern which matches a regular expression pattern key. However, a given rule condition may require that the regular expression pattern key appear in a particular field of data. Thus, consider an example where a rule condition requires that regular expression A be present within field 3 of a record and where another rule condition requires that regular expression B be present within field 5 of a record. If a record with regular expression B within field 3 and regular expression A within field 5 is received by module 902, then module 902 will output two matches. However, to assess whether these two matches actually satisfy the rule conditions, a secondary check is needed to find if the match occurred for a valid field-regular expression combination. To accomplish this purpose, pipeline 900 employs secondary matching module 906.

An exemplary embodiment for a secondary matching module 906 is shown in FIG. 13(a). A command parser 1300 is configured to receive command data for the module 906 (preferably by way of firmware socket module 404) and configure module 906 such that it operates as desired (e.g., instructions that identify valid match/field pairs). Preferably, module 906 employs a table 1302 which defines the combinations of regular expression patterns and fields which are valid rule conditions. Table 1302 can be maintained in available on-chip memory or other accessible memory such as memory 332. Thus, continuing with the example from above, regular expression A and field 3 would be a valid pair, and regular expression B and field 5 would be a valid pair. The valid match filter 1304 operates to inspect the stream 1206 of matching fields to identify those field/pattern combinations within stream 1206 which have a corresponding pair in table 1302. Those field/pattern combinations with a corresponding pair in table 1302 are then passed along in the output stream 1306 of valid matching data fields.

FIG. 13(b) depicts an exemplary mode of operation for secondary matching module 904. To facilitate the operation of the valid match filter 1304, it is preferred that each regular expression pattern matching engine 1202 insert a bit string 1310 within each matching field that identifies the particular regular expression pattern which served as a match to the data field. FIG. 13(b) depicts an exemplary matching record 1308 with such a regular expression identifier 1310. Table 1302 preferably stores data that is indexed in addresses 1314 that correspond to fields of the records. The table stores a column 1316 that contains a regular expression identifier for the regular expression pattern that is a valid pair with that table address's corresponding field. The table also preferably stores a column 1318 that contains a rule condition identifier for the valid field/regular expression pattern pair. Thus, as a record 1308 is received by filter 1304, a lookup 1312 is performed in table 1302 using the field delimiter 764 of the record as an index to thereby retrieve the regular expression identifier 1320 and rule condition identifier 1332 for the table entry stored in the address defined by the index. Filter 1304 then performs a comparison 1322 between the regular expression identifier 1310 in record 1308 and the regular expression identifier 1320 retrieved from table 1302. If there is not a match between the two, then filter 1304 drops record 1308. If there is a match between the two, then filter 1304 replaces the regular expression identifier 1310 in record 1308 with the retrieved rule condition identifier 1332 for inclusion as a new field 1330 within a record 1334 to be output from the filter 1304 as part of stream 1306. Thus, because field 3 of record 1308 produced a pattern match with regular expression A (thereby satisfying rule condition #7, the output record within stream 1306 will include a bit string 1330 that identifies rule condition #7 as having been satisfied.

It should be noted that each field indexed by table 1302 may have multiple associated regular expression pattern identifiers. In such instances, it should also be noted that table 1302 can be alternatively configured such that the regular expression identifiers are used to index table entries, with the table entries being populated by field delimiters and rule condition identifiers.

The second path of pipeline 900 preferably includes a word separator module 908 downstream from that path's field selection module 902. An example of such a word separator module 908 is depicted in FIGS. 14(a) and (b). A command parser 1400 is configured to receive command data for the module 908 (preferably by way of firmware socket module 404) and configure module 908 such that it operates as desired (e.g., instructions that identify how to recognize white space within the data stream and how to separate the words delineated by the recognized white space). Preferably, module 908 employs a table 1402 which defines the data characters (or groups of characters) to be recognized as white space that separates words within data 766 of the fields within stream 1106. Table 1402 can be maintained in available on-chip memory or other accessible memory such as memory 332. Word separator module 1404 thus operates to parse data 766 found in input stream 1106 into its constituent words for output via stream 1406. Operation 1410 operates to get the next character C within data 766. A comparator 1412 then compares this character C_(t) with white space characters stored in table 1402. If no match is found, then C_(t) forms part of the current word 1420 and operation 14110 gets the next character within data 766. If comparator 1412 does find a match with a white space identifier, then operation 1414 retrieves a currently stored value for prevmatch (i) from register 1418. If this value is 0, then operation 1416 sets prevmatch equal to t. If this value is not zero, then C_(t) forms the end of word 1420 for output from the word separator 1404. The value prevmatch will thus be assigned the current value of the white space match (which is “t” in this example) so that the next time there is a white space match, then the next word can be ascertained. Also, the value for prevmatch is preferably reset to zero when a new field is input into the word parsing module. It should also be noted that the word separator 1404 can maintain a count of characters within each field so that it can also produce a position identifier for each word 1420 that identifies an offset for that word within a field or record.

FIG. 15 depicts an exemplary exact/approximate word matching module 910. A command parser 1500 is configured to receive command data for the module 910 (preferably by way of firmware socket module 404) and configure module 910 such that it operates as desired (e.g., instructions that identify the strings to serve as keys for the matching engines 1502 and identify the exact or approximate nature of the matching operations). Preferably, module 910 employs a plurality of parallel exact/approximate word matching engines 1502. The word stream 1406 is broadcast to all of the matching engines 1502 to assess whether any of the words with stream 1406 match (either exactly or approximately depending upon how engines 1502 are configured) any of the strings keyed into the matching engines 1502. Optionally, each word matching engine 1502 can be configured to check for the presence of strings of a particular length within the word stream 1406. Thus, a first engine 1502 can be configured to check for the presence of particular strings of length 3 within stream 1406, while a second engine 1502 can be configured to check for the presence of particular strings of length 4 within stream 1406, and so on. The exact/approximate word matching engines 1502 can employ any of the word matching technology discussed above for matching module 602. Output logic 1504 serves to merge the matching words output from the different engines 1502 together into an output stream 1506 of matching words within the select fields.

FIGS. 16(a) and (b) depict an exemplary embodiment for a record appendage formatting module 912. Module 912 is configured to receive the hit stream 1506 from module 910 and format those hits into an appropriate bit string that is to be appended to the original record. A command parser 1600 is configured to receive command data for the module 912 (preferably by way of firmware socket module 404) and configure module 912 such that it operates as desired (e.g., instructions that identify how hits within stream 1506 should be formatted into a bit string to be appended to the record). An answer formatter 1602 then creates an appropriately formatted bit string for each incoming hit within stream 1506 to output a stream 1604 of field delimited matching words for the records together with the bit strings to be appended to the records. For example, as shown in FIG. 16(b), a stream of hits in the form of pairs of matching words and their offsets within a field can be received and examined by the formatter at 1610. Formatter can then assemble an output field with each word positioned at the offset defined by the received word/offset pair.

FIGS. 17(a) and (b) depict an exemplary embodiment for a record join module 914. Record join module 914 operates to merge two incoming streams into a single stream of merged events. A command parser 1700 is configured to receive command data for the module 914 (preferably by way of firmware socket module 404) and configure module 914 such that it operates as desired (e.g., instructions that identify how the streams are to be merged (e.g., what join keys are to be used). Each incoming stream is buffered in a record queue 1702, and the queued records are processed by record merge logic 1704 to produce an output stream of merged records. Preferably, a record identifier is used as the join key, and there is preferably a one-to-one mapping of records coming into the record merge logic 1704 and records coming out of the record merge logic 1704. For example, it may be the case that different fields of a particular record was processed in both of the rule condition checking paths of pipeline 900 such that each path made enhancements to that record. The record merge logic 1704 for module 914 ₁ shown in FIG. 9 will then operate to merge the enhancements from the two instances of the record in the two record queues 1702 to output a single instance of the record in the output stream (wherein the output record contains the enhancements from both paths). FIG. 17(b) illustrates an exemplary operation in this regard, where two streams with different fields of the same record are present in queues 1702. Each field identifier FDL will impart meaning as to how the fields are to be ordered within the merged output record 1720. A field identifier will be retrieved from the queues 1702 at 1710. A comparator 1712 will then look at these field identifiers to identifier an order for them. The field identifier with the highest order will be appended at 1714 to record 1720 while the field identifier with the lowest order will be retained for comparison with the next field identifier from the other stream. In this manner, record merge logic 1704 will ensure that the fields in the output record possess the appropriate order.

While record join module 914 ₁ receives input streams from the two rule condition checking paths of pipeline 900, record join module 914 ₂ will receive as input streams the merged stream output by module 914 ₁ and the original partitioned event stream 752 produced by module 750 (by way of bypass path 810). Thus, the record merge logic 1704 of module 914 ₂ will operate to merge the enhanced records into the original partitioned event stream 752.

FIG. 18 depicts an exemplary embodiment for a record and field delimiter insertion module 916. Module 916 operates to receive the stream 1808 of enhanced records produced by the second record join module 914 ₂ and reformat the RDLs and FDLs as needed for the records to be processed by any downstream applications. This reformatting may take the form of returning the records to their format upon entry into pipeline 900 as stream 600, formatting the RDLs and FDLs to a new format expected by downstream applications, or some combination of the two to thereby produce the output stream 608 of enhanced data events. It should also be noted that the enhancement fields 820 within stream 1808 may need to be partitioned into records and/or fields in a manner that will be understood by downstream applications. As can be seen from FIG. 18, the exemplary embodiment for module 916 preferably shares the same architecture (a command parser 1800, field and record delimiter tables 1802 and 804) and logic 1806) as the previously described record and field identifier module 750.

The enhanced records within 608 can then be streamed out of coprocessor 450 and returned to software running on the host system (e.g., software running on processor 412) or elsewhere within an enterprise computing system where post-processing in an action engine based on the enhancements can occur (if necessary) and the records can be inserted into an appropriately selected location in a relational database, saved to file, etc. within the enterprise computing system. It should also be noted that the stream 608 can be passed to additional modules within coprocessor 450 for post processing if desired.

It should be noted that pipeline 900 is also only exemplary in nature as different arrangements of paths and modules can be configured to meet a particular rule set. For example, it may be desirable to also employ a secondary matching module 906 in the exact/approximate word matching path.

It may also be desirable to process event streams against rule conditions that require consideration of multiple events, a process known as complex event processing (CEP). FIG. 19(a) depicts an exemplary complex event processing system 1900. Multiple streams of data are handled by individual rule condition checking pipelines 900 which serve as event stream processors for individual events. The output of each individual pipeline 900 is then passed to a complex event generator 1902. Complex event generator 1902, which is also preferably implemented in firmware on coprocessor 450, is preferably configured to aggregate the multiple enhanced streams that it receives and check for satisfaction of rule conditions across multiple events. Local storage 1904 is provided within system 1900 so that the complex event generator 1902 can examine a history of received events when checking for satisfaction of rule conditions which span multiple events. Preferably, upon detecting a pattern across multiple events that satisfies a particular rule condition, complex event generator 1902 is configured to insert a new event into the stream, wherein this new event indicates the existence of the detected pattern.

FIG. 19(b) depicts an example of a task which could be performed by a complex event generator 1902. In this example a threshold check operation is performed, namely, an enterprise would like to know when an aggregate sales amount for a particular item corresponding to rule condition #7 (as determined by the processing performed by pipelines 900) exceeds a threshold amount. Such a task requires an aggregation of multiple events (i.e., sales transaction records for that item). Local storage 1904 preferably includes a table which tracks an aggregate value 1912 and corresponding alarm threshold 1914 for a plurality of items, with each item being determinable from a corresponding rule condition identifier 1910. Thus, pipelines 900 can be thought of as scanning the event streams for sales transactions with an item number field equal to a particular serial number to determine which rule condition will be applicable (e.g., If “Item Number=ABCD123”, then “Flag the Record as Satisfying Rule Condition #1”, If “Item Number=EFGH456”, then “Flag the Record as Satisfying Rule Condition #2”, and so on). The table in storage 1904 preferably indexes the running aggregate value 1912 and alarm threshold 1914 pair by rule condition identifier 1910, as shown in FIG. 19(b).

Thus, as an enhanced record 1908 is received by the complex event generator 1902, a lookup 1916 can be performed in the table using the rule condition identifier 1330 in record 1908 to retrieve the running aggregate value x and alarm threshold y for that rule condition identifier (see retrievals 1920 and 1928 in FIG. 19(b)). Then an adder 1922 can sum the sales amount 1918 found in record 1908 with the current running aggregate value x to thereby compute new running aggregate value x_(new) 1924. At step 1926, this x_(new) can be written back to the table to reflect the latest sales transaction. Also, a comparator 1930 can make a comparison between the computed x_(new) value and the retrieved alarm threshold y. If x_(new)<y, then no action needs to be taken (see stop step 1932 of FIG. 19(b)). If x_(new)≥y, then step 1934 operates to create a new event for insertion into the stream which indicates the existence of the alarm condition.

It should be understood that such aggregation processing could also be performed within a pipeline such as pipeline 900 if an appropriate aggregation module is located downstream from a matching module. It should also be understood that the aggregation processing shown by FIG. 19(b) is exemplary only and any of a number of types of aggregation processing could be performed by complex event generator 1902.

FIG. 20 depicts an exemplary environment in which a rule-based stream processing appliance 200 can be effectively employed. Appliance 200 can be configured as a business rules engine, an event stream processor, or a complex event stream processor as desired. FIG. 20 depicts an enterprise computing system 2004 that receives a large volume of incoming data from the a network 2000 (such as the Internet or other data communication networks including PSTN, T1 lines, WANs, LANs, VPNs, and the like). After this incoming data passes enterprise firewall 2002, it can be streamed through appliance 200 which receives the firewall output as an input data stream. Optionally the firewall output can also be passed directly to enterprise network 420 without passing through appliance 200 such that both appliance 200 and enterprise network 420 receive the firewall output.

Appliance 200 can thus be used to generate rule condition check results (and optionally additional secondary actions) for the incoming data stream as that data reaches the enterprise and before it lands in data storage somewhere within enterprise network 420. The data processed by appliance 200 can also include data originating from within the enterprise computing system 2004. Furthermore, appliance 200 can optionally be configured to output its generated rule condition results for delivery (or make its generated rule condition results available) to other processing entities within enterprise network 420 where rule-based post-processing can occur (such as taking one or more actions based on which rule conditions are shown to be satisfied within the enhanced stream produced by appliance 200). Further still, one or more terminals within enterprise network 420 can be configured to interface with appliance 200 to define the rule conditions and modules to be deployed in appliance 200.

Accelerated stream processing in accordance with the embodiments of the present invention provides a myriad of beneficial uses. For example, one area where the inventors believe that a great need exists for low latency event stream processing is data quality checking and data integration. FIG. 21(a) depicts an exemplary pipeline 2100 which is configured to check data quality for a plurality of fields within a data stream 2102 (such as an XML data stream). Pipeline 2100 is preferably deployed on a coprocessor 450 in firmware. Each path's field selection module 910 can be configured to strip out fields within each record that are not relevant to that path's data quality checking task.

The first path of pipeline 2100 is configured to perform a range check operation on data fields within stream 2102 for which a rule exists that requires the data value for those fields to fall within specified ranges. Thus, field selection module 902 ₁ is preferably configured to only pass fields within stream which have range constraints. Downstream from module 902 ₁ is a range check module 2104. If range check module 2104 detects that a particular field's data value is outside of the range specified for that field by a rule condition, then range check module 2104 preferably produces a rule condition check result indicative of this error condition. In this way, the record with the invalid data range can be passed to an exception handling routine before being loaded into storage such as a database or the like.

FIG. 21(b) depicts an exemplary mode of operation for the range check module 2104 of FIG. 21(a). Module 2104 preferably maintains (or has access to) a data table 2120. Data table 2120 stores a plurality of pairs of lower limits 2124 and upper limits 2126 indexed by a value 2122 corresponding to a field within stream 2102. Table 2120 can be populated with appropriate range limits for each field based on data quality rules for each field. As module 2104 receives a record 2118, module 2104 performs a lookup 2128 in table 2120 to retrieve the lower/upper limit pair indexed by a field identifier for that record's pertinent field. A comparator 2136 then compares value 2130 with the retrieved lower limit 2132. If value 2130 is less than the retrieved lower limit 2132, then module 2104 operates to add one or more bits to record 2118 to flag that record for an out of range value with respect to the pertinent field's lower limit. Preferably concurrently with the comparison performed by comparator 2136, comparator 2140 compares value 2130 with the retrieved upper limit 2134. If value 2130 is greater than the retrieved upper limit 2134, then module 2104 operates to add one or more bits to record 2118 to flag that record for an out of range value with respect to the pertinent field's upper limit. It should also be noted that an indirection table can be used by module 2104 to indirectly map a field identifier to entries in table 2120, thereby allowing the entries in table 2120 to be indexed in consecutive addresses.

The second path of pipeline 2100 is configured to perform a character check on those data fields within stream 2102 for which the characters must fall within a particular character set (e.g., the characters must be a number, must be a letter, must be a member of the ASCII character set, etc.). Thus, field selection module 902 ₂ is preferably configured to only pass fields within stream which have a particular character set constraint. Downstream from module 902 ₂ is a character parsing module 2106. Character parsing module 2106 operates to separate the characters within the select data fields. Character parsing module 2106 preferably operates in the manner of word parsing module 908 albeit for characters rather than words. Thereafter, character check module 2108 operates to determine if any character within the select field is not a member of the defined character set for that field. If module 2108 detects that a particular character value is not a member of a character set for that field as defined by a rule condition, then module 2108 preferably produces a rule condition check result indicative of this error condition. In this way, the record with the invalid character can be passed to an exception handling routine before being loaded into storage such as a database or the like. Module 2108 preferably operates using an exact matching module such as one based on the technology described above in connection with matching module 602.

The third path of pipeline 2100 is configured to perform a value check on those data fields within stream 2102 for which the value must be a member of a limited set of possible values (e.g., a “color” field which must take one value that is a member of the set {red, blue, green, white, black}). Thus, field selection module 902 ₃ is preferably configured to only pass fields within stream which have a particular member set constraint (e.g., only the “color” fields of records within stream 2102 are passed by module 902 ₃). Downstream from module 902 ₃ is an exact word matching module 2110 that is keyed with the members of the pertinent member set (e.g., the keys are {red, blue, green, white, black}). If word matching module 2110 determines that the field value is not a member of the member set defined by the rule condition, then module 2110 preferably produces a rule condition check result indicative of this error condition. In this way, the record with the invalid field value can be passed to an exception handling routine before being loaded into storage such as a database or the like. Module 2110 preferably operates using an exact matching module such as one based on the technology described above in connection with matching module 602.

It should be noted that modules 2104, 2108, and/or 2110 can also be configured to generate one or more new events to indicate these error conditions rather than augmenting each of the affected records themselves.

Pipeline 2100 can be advantageously used in a data integration system such as an extract, transfer, load (ETL) system to provide an efficient means for ensuring that only quality data gets loaded into an enterprise's database(s). It should be understood that other data quality checking operations can be performed by a pipeline such as pipeline 2100 in a data integration system. For example, an additional data quality checking operation can be performed to identify whether data within select fields are properly formatted (e.g., ensuring that a bit length for a select field satisfies a rule condition, ensuring that a data value for a select field is right or left justified as required by a rule condition, etc.).

Another area where the inventors believe that a great need exists for low latency event stream processing with respect to business rules is the processing of high volumes of transactions such as credit card transactions. FIG. 22 depicts an exemplary pipeline 2200 which is configured to process a high volume data stream 2202 of credit card transactions. Pipeline 2200 is preferably deployed on a coprocessor 450 in firmware. Each path's field selection module 902 can be configured to strip out fields within each credit card transaction record that are not relevant to that path's rule-based processing task.

The first path of pipeline 2200 is configured to check each transaction record for a valid credit card number. Thus, field selection module 902 ₁ is preferably configured to pass only the credit card number field of each record. An exact word matching module 2204 is configured with the set of valid credit card numbers as keys. Thus, if the credit card number within the credit card number field of a record within stream 2202 is valid, then module 2204 will find a hit on one of its stored keys. If a hit is not found on one of the stored keys, then one or more bits can be added to the pertinent record to indicate the error condition. Based on this error condition, an enterprise can be timely informed of the attempted use of an invalid credit card number and can decline authorization for the transaction.

The second path of pipeline 2200 is configured to provide security based on a range check for the purchase amounts in credit card transaction records. In many instances of credit card fraud, the perpetrator will attempt to test the validity of a stolen card number by first seeing if he/she can obtain a approval for a very small transaction with the stolen card number. If approved, the perpetrator later attempts a much larger purchase. Another risk posed with respect to credit card fraud is where the perpetrator attempts to purchase extremely expensive items with the stolen card number. While a large purchase amount itself may not necessarily indicate a credit card number is being fraudulently used, a cardholder or credit card company may nevertheless want to be timely informed when large purchases are made. To provide low latency warnings regarding such low value and high value credit card transactions, the second path of pipeline 2200 employs a range check module 2206 that operates in a manner similar to that described in connection with FIG. 21(b). Field selection module 902 ₂ preferably operates to strip out fields from credit card transaction records so that only the fields pertinent to the range check remain (for example, the fields that identify a credit card number and purchase amount). Thereafter, range check module 2206 operates to generate a rule condition check result indicative of the security risk anomaly if a record's purchase amount is less than a lower alarm limit or higher than an upper alarm limit.

FIG. 23 depicts an exemplary mode of operation for range check module 2206. Range check module 2206 maintains or has access to data table 2220. Table 2220 preferably stores a lower alarm limit 2224 and upper alarm limit 2226 as pairs that are indexed by a value such as credit card number 2222. When the pertinent fields of a credit card transaction record 2218 are processed by module 2206, a lookup 2230 is performed in table 2220 using the credit card number 2228 within the record to thereby retrieve the pertinent lower alarm limit 2232 and the pertinent upper alarm limit 2234. A comparator 2238 performs a comparison operation between the record's purchase amount 2236 and the retrieved lower alarm limit 2232. If the purchase amount is less than or equal to the retrieved lower alarm limit, the module 2206 operates to add one or more bits to the pertinent record to flag it for an alarm as to the low purchase amount (step 2242). Concurrently with the operation of comparator 2238, comparator 2240 performs a comparison operation between the record's purchase amount 2236 and the retrieved upper alarm limit 2244. If the purchase amount is greater than or equal to the retrieved upper alarm limit, the module 2206 operates to add one or more bits to the pertinent record to flag it for an alarm as to the large purchase amount (step 2244). Such rule condition check results as provided at 2242 and 2244 allows a credit card company to make timely decisions such as denying the transaction, putting a hold on any further transactions with that credit card number, and contacting the card holder to inquire about the purchase.

The alarm limits present in table 2220 can be defined for each credit card number by a credit card company based on their knowledge in the industry or even defined by credit card holders themselves. Appropriate command instructions (received by pipeline 2200 by way of firmware socket module 404) can be used to populate table 2220 with appropriate values. It should be noted that a credit card company may optionally choose to use the same alarm limits for all credit card numbers, in which case the credit card number-based lookup into table 2220 would not be needed, and field selection module 902 ₂ can be configured to also strip out the credit card number field from each record. It should also be noted that an indirection table can be used by module 2206 to indirectly map each credit card number to entries in table 2220, thereby allowing the entries in table 2220 to be indexed in consecutive addresses. Such an indirection table could be particularly useful if a credit card company chose to associate alarm limits with sets of credit card numbers rather than each credit card number individually. It should further be noted that modules 2204, 2206, and/or 2208 can also be configured to generate one or more new events to indicate these security risk conditions rather than augmenting each of the affected records themselves.

The third path of pipeline 2200 is configured to provide security based on rule condition checks for various derived values generated from the credit card transaction records. Module 2208 can be configured to compute any of a number of derived values that may be relevant to security issues. For example, an unusually large purchase amount may be a cause for alarm. However, statistical processing is needed to keep track of values such as the historic average purchase amount for a credit card number and the current month's average purchase amount for a credit card number and to make decisions as to what qualifies as unusual purchasing activity. Another indicator for a security risk would be a sudden surge in the number of transactions over periods such as months, days, etc. To be timely warned of such potentially problematic situations, low latency aggregation and derived value computations are needed within pipeline 2200. A derived value check module 2208 can provide such functionality.

FIGS. 24(a)-(c) depict an exemplary mode of operation for a derived value check module 2208. Module 2208 preferably maintains or has access to data table 2400. Table 2400 preferably stores a plurality of values which are indexed by a value such as credit card number 2404. Examples of values which can be stored in table 2400 in association with each credit card number are a historic transaction count 2406 (which is representative of the total number of purchases made with a credit card number since that credit card number's inception), a current month transaction count 2408 (which is representative of the total number of purchases made with a credit card number over the course of the current month), a current day transaction count 2410 (which is representative of the total number of purchases made with a credit card number over the course of the current day), a historic average purchase amount 2412 (which is representative of the average purchase amount for a single transaction with a credit card number since that credit card number's inception), a current month average purchase amount 2414 (which is representative of the average purchase amount for a single transaction with a credit card number over the course of the current month), and a current day transaction count alarm threshold 2416 (which is representative of the number of transactions for a credit card number which, if reached in a single day, will set of an alarm to warn of potentially fraudulent activity). It should be readily understood that more or fewer values could be stored by table 2400.

As shown in FIG. 24(a), as module 2208 receives a record 2218, a lookup 2402 can be performed in table 2400 to retrieve the pertinent stored values associated with the record's credit card number 2228. Upon retrieval of the historic transaction count 2418 pertinent to record 2218, an adder 2420 operates to increment that historic transaction count to a new value 2422 which is then written back to table 2400 to update the card number's historic transaction count value. Thereafter, at step 2426, module 2208 operates to perform a statistical operation such as computing a new value for the historic average purchase amount. To do so, the historic gross purchase amount can be computed by multiplying the retrieved historic transaction count 2418 by the retrieved historic average purchase amount 2424. Thereafter, the current record's purchase amount 2236 can be added to the historic gross purchase amount and then divided by the new historic transaction count 2422 to arrive at the new value 2428 for the historic average purchase amount. This value 2428 can then be written back to table 2400. Thereafter, at step 2430, statistical processing can be performed to determine if the new historic average purchase amount 2428 exceeds some frame of reference with respect to the old historic average purchase amount 2424. For example, an increase in value that exceeds some frame of reference may cause module 2208 to add one or more bits to the record 2218 to flag it for an alarm (step 2432).

As shown in FIG. 24(b), similar processing as that shown in FIG. 24(a) can be performed by module 2208 with respect to monthly numbers. Thus, adder 2442 operates to increment the current month's transaction count 2440 to a new value 2444 which is then written back to table 2400 to update the card number's current month transaction count value. Thereafter, at step 2448, module 2208 operates to perform a statistical operation such as computing a new value for the current month's average purchase amount. To do so, the current month's gross purchase amount can be computed by multiplying the retrieved current month's transaction count 2440 by the retrieved current month's average purchase amount 2446. Thereafter, the current record's purchase amount 2236 can be added to the current month's gross purchase amount and then divided by the new current month's transaction count 244 to arrive at the new value 2450 for the current month's average purchase amount. This value 2450 can then be written back to table 2400. Thereafter, at step 2452, statistical processing can be performed to determine if the new current month's average purchase amount 2450 exceeds some frame of reference with respect to the old current month average purchase amount 2446. For example, an increase in value that exceeds some frame of reference may cause module 2208 to add one or more bits to the record 2218 to flag it for an alarm (step 2454).

FIG. 24(c) depicts a mode of operation for module 2208 with respect to daily numbers. Adder 2462 operates to compute a new value 2464 for the current day's transaction count using the retrieved current day's transaction count 2460. The new value 2464 is written back to table 2400. One security test for module 2208 is to see if the current day's transaction count has exceeded an alarm threshold. To do so, comparator 2468 performs a comparison operation between the new current day transaction count 2464 and the retrieved current day transaction count alarm threshold 2466. If the current day's transaction count 2464 exceeds this threshold, then module 2208 operates to add one or more bits to the record 2218 to flag it for an alarm (step 2470). Also, simultaneously with comparator 2468, the module 2208 can perform a statistical operation at step 2472 using data such as the new current day transaction count value 2464, the retrieved current month average purchase amount 2446, and the record's purchase amount 2236 to determine whether an alarm should be raised. If so, at step 2474, module 2208 operates to add one or more bits to the record 2218 to flag it for an alarm.

It should be noted that the types of operations performed by module 2208 with respect to FIGS. 24(a)-(c) are exemplary only, as a derived value check module 2208 can be configured to compute any of a number of derived values for rule condition checking. For example, the balance limits for a credit card number can be computed and tracked using module 2208 as transactions corresponding to new purchases stream in, together with the generation of attendant rule condition check results using balance-based rule conditions.

Appropriate command instructions (received by pipeline 2200 by way of firmware socket module 404) can be used to populate table 2400 with appropriate values for values such as threshold 2416. It should be noted that an indirection table can be used by module 2208 to indirectly map each credit card number to entries in table 2400, thereby allowing the entries in table 2400 to be indexed in consecutive addresses.

Another area where the inventors believe that low latency event stream processing can provide significant advantages is with respect to the routing and secure storage of information such as social security numbers and credit card numbers within an enterprise. In many instances, an enterprise may choose (or may be required by law) to handle sensitive personal information in a more secure manner than other forms of enterprise data. Examples of such information which warrants specialized handling include social security numbers and credit card numbers. Such data may need to be specially encrypted and/or stored in particular databases. To comply with such requirements, it is desirable for an event stream processing appliance 200 to implement business rules which identify those incoming data events which contain such specialized information and then ensure that those data events are properly handled and routed within the enterprise computing system. Thus, a coprocessor within appliance 200 can employ a regular expression pattern matching module to detect which incoming data events contain patterns indicative of a social security number (e.g., nnn-nn-nnnn), a credit card number (e.g., nnnn-nnnn-nnnn-nnnn), and the like. Upon detection of such patterns in the incoming data events, those data events can be flagged with rule condition check results for special handling, which may include encryption and/or storage in particular databases. Based on such enhancements within the data events, other components within enterprise computing system can ensure that the sensitive data events are routed to appropriate handling routines.

Yet another area where the inventors believe that low latency event stream processing can provide significant advantages is enterprise protection of trade secrets. In such an instance, an enterprise may wish to employ appliance 200 of FIG. 20 to also monitor outgoing data that is to be communicated outside the enterprise firewall to destinations within network 2000. Thus, a coprocessor within appliance 200 can scan outgoing data streams for the presence of data which matches bit strings corresponding to an enterprise's trade secrets. For example, if an enterprise maintains a valuable trade secret for “Formula X”, it can program appliance 200 with a rule that essentially declares: “if “Formula X” is present within an outgoing data event, then block transmission of that data event until released by a person with appropriate authority.” A matching module within the coprocessor can then detect whether “Formula X” is present in an outgoing data event. Upon detecting the presence of “Formula X” in the outgoing data event, the coprocessor can re-direct the outgoing event to a holding queue from which it will only be released in the event of approval by a person with appropriate authority. The matching module for this trade secret protection functionality can be programmed with a number of keys that are indicative of an enterprise's trade secrets (e.g., chemical formulae, customer lists, sales numbers, etc.) such that all outgoing data events are inspected to assess whether a trade secret will be potentially released.

Additional areas where the inventors believe that low latency event stream processing based on business rules would be helpful include the acceleration of XML payloads, streaming SQL, the processing of financial market feeds to provide functions such as financial risk management, processing high volume transactional data other than credit card transactions (e.g., general sales transactions, telephone call records, etc.), security incident monitoring and prevention, the collecting of auditing data for compliance monitoring, applications needing low latency aggregation and statistical computations, monitoring sensor data streams (e.g., RFID), the monitoring of pharmaceutical sales records to detect potential “hot spots” where an epidemic may be breaking out, and the monitoring of sales transactions to identify where inventories need to be quickly replenished.

Another beneficial application for low latency event stream processing is the acceleration of a Rete network. FIGS. 25(a) and (b) depict an exemplary embodiment for a hardware-accelerated Rete network 2500. Preferably, the Rete network 2500 is deployed in whole or in part on coprocessor 450. The upper right hand corner of FIGS. 25(a) and (b) depict an exemplary rule set for Rete network 2500. In this example, rule R1 requires that rule conditions C1, C2, and C3 be satisfied, rule R2 requires that rule conditions C1, C2, C4, and C5 be satisfied, and rule R3 requires that rule conditions C1, C2, C4 and C3 be satisfied.

Alpha nodes 2504 receive an incoming fact stream and test these facts individually against the different rule conditions of the rules. The hardware-accelerated rule condition check operations described herein can be used by alpha nodes 2504 for this purpose (such as the matching operations, range check operations, threshold check operations, etc. as described above). Preferably, the alpha nodes 2504 are configured to perform these rule condition check operations for the different conditions on each fact in parallel with one another. Any facts which satisfy C1 are stored in alpha memory 2506. Any facts which satisfy C2 are stored in alpha memory 2508. Any facts which satisfy C3 are stored in alpha memory 2510. Any facts which satisfy C4 are stored in alpha memory 2512, and any facts which satisfy C5 are stored in alpha memory 2514. Preferably, these alpha memories are deployed in available memory space of the coprocessor 450. Furthermore, preferably the alpha nodes 2504 are deployed as firmware application modules in a processing pipeline of coprocessor 450.

Beta nodes within the Rete network then operate to check for whether any of the facts in the alpha memories satisfy the joinder of different rule conditions required by the rule set. Preferably, the beta nodes are also deployed on the coprocessor 450. Beta node 2518 reads facts out of alpha memory 2506 and compares those records with dummy data within a dummy top node to store any matching facts in beta memory 2520 corresponding to C1. Given that this is the topmost beta node in the network 2500, all facts within memory 2506 will be written to memory 2520. Thus, the Rete network 2500 can eliminate the dummy top node 2516, beta node 2518, and beta memory 2520 if desired.

Thereafter, beta node 2522 will read facts out of alpha memory 2508 and facts out of beta memory 2520 to find if any of the facts are overlapping. If so, these facts satisfy both C1 and C2, and the beta node 2522 writes these facts to beta memory 2524.

Next, beta node 2526 reads facts out of alpha memory 2512 and beta memory 2524 to find if any of the facts are overlapping. If so, these facts satisfy C1, C2, and C4 and the beta node 2526 writes these facts to beta memory 2532. In parallel with beta node 2526, beta node 2528 operates to read facts out of alpha memory 2510 and beta memory 2524 to find if any of the facts are overlapping. If so, these facts satisfy C1, C2, and C3, thereby meeting the requirements of rule R1. Beta node 2528 writes these R1-compliant facts to beta memory 2530. Thus, any facts (or combination of facts) present in memory 2530 are known to satisfy rule R1.

Next, beta node 2534 reads facts out of alpha memory 2510 and beta memory 2532 to find if any of the facts are overlapping. If so, these facts satisfy C1, C2, C4, and C3, thereby meeting the requirements of rule R3. Beta node 2534 writes these R3-compliant facts to beta memory 2538. In parallel with beta node 2538, beta node 2540 operates to read facts out of alpha memory 2514 and beta memory 2532 to find if any of the facts are overlapping. If so, these facts satisfy C1, C2, C4, and C5, thereby meeting the requirements of rule R2. Beta node 2536 writes these R2-compliant facts to beta memory 2540. Thus, any facts present in memory 2538 are known to satisfy rule R3 and any facts present in memory 2540 are known to satisfy R2.

Preferably, the beta nodes are also deployed in the coprocessor 450 (preferably as firmware application modules within the coprocessor's processing pipeline). Furthermore, the beta memories are also preferably deployed in available memory space of the coprocessor 450. Through hardware-acceleration of the alpha nodes and beta nodes in pipelined firmware application modules, the inventors believe that dramatic improvements in performance can be made for Rete networks.

While for the preferred embodiments disclosed herein the coprocessor 450 comprises a reconfigurable logic device 402 such as an FPGA, it should be noted that the coprocessor 450 can be realized using other processing devices. For example, the coprocessor 450 may comprise graphics processor units (GPUs), general purpose graphics processors, chip multi-processors (CMPs), dedicated memory devices, complex programmable logic devices, application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), and other I/O processing components. Moreover, it should be noted that appliance 200 may employ a plurality of coprocessors 450 in either or both of a sequential and a parallel multi-coprocessor architecture.

The modules described herein can be readily developed as firmware application modules by a practitioner of various embodiments of the invention using the techniques described in the above-referenced and incorporated U.S. Patent Application Publication 2006/0294059.

While the present invention has been described above in relation to its preferred embodiments, various modifications may be made thereto that still fall within the invention's scope. Such modifications to the invention will be recognizable upon review of the teachings herein. Accordingly, the full scope of the present invention is to be defined solely by the appended claims and their legal equivalents. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A system for making a field programmable gate array (FPGA) available in a network for loading a processing pipeline thereon for the FPGA to apply parallelism when processing streaming data, the streaming data comprising data arranged in a plurality of fields, the system comprising: an FPGA that is addressable within a network, the FPGA arranged for configuration in response to a command over the network so that a processing pipeline for receiving and processing streaming data is loadable thereon; the loadable processing pipeline including a plurality of parallel paths for augmenting the streaming data with a plurality of flags indicative of a plurality of data quality conditions, each of a plurality of the parallel paths including pipelined logic for performing different processing operations on the streaming data, and wherein each of a plurality of the parallel paths includes field selection logic that filters which fields of the streaming data that downstream pipelined logic in that parallel path will process, wherein a plurality of the parallel paths include field selection logic that filter for different fields of the streaming data so that the FPGA is thereby configurable via the loadable processing pipeline to parallel process different fields of the streaming data in different parallel paths with different processing operations.
 2. The system of claim 1 wherein the loadable processing pipeline further comprises field parsing logic upstream from the parallel paths, wherein the field parsing logic identifies where boundaries between the fields of the streaming data are located.
 3. The system of claim 2 wherein the streaming data further comprises a plurality of records, wherein a plurality of the records include the data arranged in the fields, and wherein the field parsing logic further comprises record parsing logic that identifies where boundaries between the records in the streaming data are located.
 4. The system of claim 1 wherein the loadable processing pipeline further comprises join logic downstream from the parallel paths, wherein the join logic merges data from the parallel paths into a consolidated data stream.
 5. The system of claim 4 wherein the parallel paths include a bypass path that delivers the received streaming data to the join logic.
 6. The system of claim 1 wherein the different processing operations comprise a plurality of different processing operations selected from the group consisting of a range check operation, a character check operation, a threshold check operation, and a matching operation.
 7. The system of claim 1 wherein at least one of the parallel paths includes range check logic for performing one of the different processing operations.
 8. The system of claim 1 wherein at least one of the parallel paths includes character check logic for performing one of the different processing operations.
 9. The system of claim 1 wherein at least one of the parallel paths includes threshold check logic for performing one of the different processing operations.
 10. The system of claim 1 wherein at least one of the parallel paths includes matching logic for performing one of the different processing operations.
 11. The system of claim 10 wherein the matching logic comprises regular expression pattern matching logic.
 12. The system of claim 1 further comprising: a database; a processor that (1) manages a flow of commands and streaming data into the FPGA, including a command to load the loadable processing pipeline onto the FPGA, (2) manages a flow of processed streaming data out of the FPGA, and (3) selectively processes and loads at least a portion of the processed streaming data into the database based on the data quality condition flags.
 13. The system of claim 12 further comprising: a network interface through which the processor receives the streaming data.
 14. The system of claim 13 wherein the network interface receives the streaming data from a plurality of different data sources.
 15. The system of claim 1 further comprising: a processor that manages a flow of commands and streaming data into the FPGA, including a command to load the loadable processing pipeline onto the FPGA.
 16. A method for making a compute resource network-connectable for configuring the compute resource to apply parallelism when processing streaming data, the streaming data comprising data arranged in a plurality of fields, the method comprising: providing a field programmable gate array (FPGA) within a network; and providing a communication path in the network for commanding the FPGA to load a processing pipeline onto the FPGA to configure the FPGA for receiving and processing streaming data, the processing pipeline including a plurality of parallel paths that augment the streaming data with a plurality of flags indicative of a plurality of data quality conditions, each of a plurality of the parallel paths including pipelined logic for performing different processing operations on the streaming data, and wherein each of a plurality of the parallel paths includes field selection logic that filters which fields of the streaming data that downstream pipelined logic in that parallel path will process, wherein a plurality of the parallel paths include field selection logic that filter for different fields of the streaming data so that the FPGA is thereby configurable via the processing pipeline to parallel process different fields of the streaming data in different parallel paths with different processing operations.
 17. The method of claim 16 further comprising: a processor (1) managing a flow of commands and streaming data into the FPGA, including a command to load the loadable processing pipeline onto the FPGA, (2) managing a flow of processed streaming data out of the FPGA, and (3) selectively processing and loading at least a portion of the processed streaming data into a database based on the data quality condition flags.
 18. The method of claim 17 further comprising: the processor receiving the streaming data via a network interface.
 19. The method of claim 18 further comprising: the network interface receiving the streaming data from a plurality of different data sources.
 20. The method of claim 16 wherein the different processing operations comprise a plurality of different processing operations selected from the group consisting of a range check operation, a character check operation, a threshold check operation, and a matching operation.
 21. The method of claim 16 wherein at least one of the parallel paths includes range check logic for performing one of the different processing operations.
 22. The method of claim 16 wherein at least one of the parallel paths includes character check logic for performing one of the different processing operations.
 23. The method of claim 16 wherein at least one of the parallel paths includes threshold check logic for performing one of the different processing operations.
 24. The method of claim 16 wherein at least one of the parallel paths includes matching logic for performing one of the different processing operations.
 25. The method of claim 16 wherein the processing pipeline further comprises field parsing logic upstream from the parallel paths, wherein the field parsing logic identifies where boundaries between the fields of the streaming data are located.
 26. The method of claim 25 wherein the streaming data further comprises a plurality of records, wherein a plurality of the records include the data arranged in the fields, and wherein the field parsing logic further comprises record parsing logic that identifies where boundaries between the records in the streaming data are located.
 27. The method of claim 16 wherein the processing pipeline further comprises join logic downstream from the parallel paths, wherein the join logic merges data from the parallel paths into a consolidated data stream.
 28. The method of claim 27 wherein the parallel paths include a bypass path that delivers the received streaming data to the join logic.
 29. The method of claim 16 wherein the streaming data comprises a plurality of records, wherein the flags correspond to specific records and are indicative of data quality conditions for the corresponding specific records, and wherein the parallel paths augment the streaming data by adding the flags to their corresponding specific records.
 30. The system of claim 1 wherein the streaming data comprises a plurality of records, wherein the flags correspond to specific records and are indicative of data quality conditions for the corresponding specific records, and wherein the parallel paths augment the streaming data by adding the flags to their corresponding specific records. 